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, (Bob Hodge & David Tripp). , , ( ) -, , , .
, (Howard Gardner) (Patricia Morison) , .
, perceived reality. , modality judgements.
modality judgements. modality judgements , .
- weak modality, - strong modality. , ( strong modality weak modality) .
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(Robert Hawkins) The Dimensional Structure of Childrens Perceptions of Television Reality (" -") . perceived reality, .. . , ( ), .
1977 153 : given multiple perceived reality dimensions, developmental changes may take place along some dimensions but not others, or changes may occur at different rates or times on different dimensions. Second, to make things even more complex, it is quite possible that children's dimensional structures themselves differ with age. (" ,
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, - . (Mac Brown) 6 7- - ( (Jean Piaget), ).
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- , (Aime Dorr) 54 (3 - 5-6 , 7-9 11-12 ), , , , , .
5 9 . , 5 , , . recognition of absence.
Recognition of absence
, / . , ( ) between the way objects appear and the way they really are.
3 4 (when a toy car of one colour is screened by a transparent filter of another colour (" , ")). . , 6-7 , 11-12 .
(John H. Flavell) , 3-4- (, ). , , , ( ) . , , 4 , , , , .
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(Leona Jaglom) , 3- , . 4 , , : Its events do not actually exist in reality; they cannot be acted on directly. , , .
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, , - ( ) (.. ). 153 4 12 ( ), , , . - 8 .
, , - 10 , (term 'factuality'), . , ( ), , ( ).
(Joanne Quarforth) ( 1979 ) , 6 10 : , .
: 48% 6 , 57% 7, 75% 8,1, 83% 8,9, 95% 10 . .
( ), 9 -: The 6-year-olds were significantly less able to pick out the characters that could walk and talk by themselves than were those of around 7.0 and older. 18% of the 6-year-olds attributed only to human characters both the qualities of being alive and of autonomous movement, whereas 70% of the 10-year-olds did. ("6- , , 7 . 18% 6- , 7- 70 %").
1981 88 7-8 85 10-11 . , , .
(Hope Kelly) , 8-12 , - , 7-8 . , - scripted, acted, rehearsed, costumed etc.. , , , .
, , - . 4 - 6 (58%) , 8 45% , 26% , 11-12 65% .
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1981 , 7-8 , , , , (). 910 : - ?
54 7 12 , 1981 , , 10-12 .
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: "amongst children from 7- to 10-years-old possibility accounted for around one-third of their references to criteria for assessing the reality status of television programmes (second only to actuality), but that amongst children of 11- and 12-years-old, this dropped to only 13%. Whilst the negative criterion of impossibility was used by equal numbers of children from 7- to 12-years-old to explain why television programmes were not real, twice as many 9- and 10-year-olds as 7- and 8-year-olds used the positive criterion of possibility to confirm that programmes were real". (" 7 10 " " - . 11-12 - 13 %. " " ( ), , 7 12 . , 9-10 7-8 " ", , , , , ").
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7 12 . , 7-8 2%, 9-10 9%.
(criterion of probability or plausibility) 11-12 .
Medium is the message
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internal features, - external features ( , - 'magic window' & 'social expectations').
, , : 'unanimously chose Superman as more real than Charlie Brown on the basis of the former's superficial verisimilitude to life - that is filmed rather than animated. Thus, even though these youngsters can chronicle the many tricks underlying Superman's feats, format overrides content when children are forced to make a comparison. At this age, the answer to the question, Which is more real? is, quite simply, whichever looks more real'. (" "", , - , ( ). , "" ( , , ) . , (7-8 ), " ?"
".). 9-10 - .
, -. 12 2 5 .
2- -. , 2- ( ) : 'children become very upset and sometimes even cry when their favourite television personalities leave the screen'.
- (3.0-3.6); (3.7-3.11, early in interval); (3.7-3.11, late in interval); (4.0-4.6); (4.0-4.6, late in interval). , , , , .
, , 5-6 . , 10 (37% 7-9 57% 11-12 ).
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('physical features'): , , . , 7-8 . 9-10 18%, 11-12 - 15%.
9-10 'performance features' ( ): , , , . 59% , 11-12 'physical features' 54%.
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3-4 , . 4-6 , , .
: 'children's reality-fantasy judgments about television shift, with age, from a focus on physical features and a rigid assessment of actuality, to a sensitivity to the plausibility of characters and plotline and an appreciation of authorial intent'. (" , / , ".).
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